smokemitigation.org · The science of smoke testing & remediation · Methods: NIOSH 2549 / EPA TO-17 / ISO 16000-6 · Standards: IICRC S700, S760
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Smoke Mitigation Technical Library
// how smoke contamination is measured, classified, and removed

Smoke Mitigation Technical Library: Testing, Standards, Protocols, and Clearance

Technical guidance on smoke particle testing, VOC sampling, industrial hygienist protocols, chain of custody, restoration standards, and post-remediation verification.

Two ways labs detect smoke

Particulate analysis finds the solids; VOC analysis finds the chemistry. Thorough investigations use both.

Particle microscopy
tape-lift / surface

Adhesive tape lifts collect settled residue from surfaces — attic insulation, ducting, tile grout, window sills. Analysts identify and quantify three combustion particle types:

sootsub-micron carbon spheres from incomplete combustion
charfragmented burned material; marker of direct intrusion
ashalkaline mineral residue; corrosive to metals and finishes
Fire VOC analysis
thermal desorption / air

Air samples analyzed under NIOSH 2549, EPA TO-17, and ISO 16000-6 methods detect chemical indicators that fire residue is present and off-gassing:

guaiacolprimary indicator — wood smoke signature
cresols, creosolprimary indicators of combustion residue
furfural, acroleinsecondary indicators; irritants with other possible sources

How results are classified

Labs compare fire-particle concentrations from your property against historical background data from buildings with no fire impact. Results land in one of four ranges — and the range drives everything: whether a hygienist writes a protocol, what remediation is justified, and how the insurance claim is scoped.

An elevated result — more than 10× background — is strong physical evidence of smoke impact, regardless of whether the property ever showed a flame.

classification · fire-particle area ratio % vs background
ELEVATED — >10× background
> 10%
ATYPICAL — 3–10× background
3–10%
TYPICAL — upper background
≥ 1–3%
TYPICAL — low
< 1%

The standards behind professional work

Consensus documents developed through the IICRC's ANSI-accredited process define what competent smoke investigation and restoration looks like.

ANSI/IICRC S700-2025
Standard for Professional Fire and Smoke Damage Restoration

Covers structure fires and smoke events: the Fire & Smoke Damage assessment, the Restoration Work Plan it yields, residue removal, odor management, and post-work verification.

IICRC S760
Standard for Professional Wildfire Investigations and Restoration

Specific to wildfire smoke impacts: particle infiltration and settlement principles, impact levels from background to heavy, cleaning technique scales, and cleanliness verification of structures and contents.

ASHRAE Guideline 44-2024
Protecting Building Occupants from Smoke During Wildfire and Prescribed Burn Events

Smoke-ready design and operation for commercial, institutional, healthcare, and multi-residential buildings: filtration, fresh-air intake management, and building-pressure strategies.

AIHA · FEMA
Wildfire Impact Assessments & Residential Smoke Damage Guidance

AIHA guidance holds that fire-impact investigators should have scientific training, CIH credentials where appropriate, and fire/smoke experience. FEMA's Marshall Fire homeowner guide emphasizes assessment before remediation is attempted.

Why this matters to a property owner: when testing, protocols, and remediation follow these standards — with a licensed industrial hygienist defining scope — the resulting documentation carries weight with insurance carriers that photographs and odor complaints do not.

What standards-based remediation looks like

01 — inspect
Visual assessment + sampling plan matched to fire type, materials, and time elapsed
02 — sample
Tape-lifts and air samples under documented chain of custody to accredited labs
03 — protocol
Licensed industrial hygienist translates lab findings into a remediation scope
04 — remediate
Certified smoke hygienist services execute the protocol: source removal, cleaning, odor management
05 — verify
Post-remediation clearance testing against the same laboratory criteria

Need this done at your property?

Certified providers perform standards-aligned testing at no upfront cost, with hygienist protocols and insurance claim coordination included.

Request testing at SmokeMitigation.com →
free testing · insurance-paid remediation